tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15274969924701054312024-03-12T19:37:15.728-07:00Union and Confederate: Before and BeyondAn attempt to explore the depths of America and the rise of democracy, nationalism, and imperialism, from the Founding Era to Reconstruction.Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-47286308612842347462023-01-14T11:59:00.004-08:002023-01-14T11:59:37.277-08:00Key Moments Leading to the Civil War<p> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Key Moments Leading to the Civil War, 1776-1859</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1776: The Declaration of Independence</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">, final version, fails to include a strong condemnation of slavery. Jefferson had written in his original draft: “He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating & carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the christian king of Great Britain. Determined to keep open a market where men should be bought & sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce. And that this assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished die, he is now exciting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has deprived them, by murdering the people on whom he also obtruded them: thus paying off former crimes committed against the liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against the lives of another.” South Carolina and Georgia objected, and the Congress omitted the passage.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1787: The Northwest Ordinance<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Article 6,</span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1787: The U.S. Constitution</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> implicitly allows slavery with:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The fugitive slave clause<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Slaves counting as 3/5 persons<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The possibility of ending the international slave trade as early as January 1, 1808<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1819-1820: The Missouri Compromise<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Missouri would enter as a slave state, but no state north of the southern Missouri line in the Louisiana Purchase could be admitted as a slave state. The new line became latitude <b>36 degrees, 30 inches</b>, replacing the old line, the Mason-Dixon line which separated Pennsylvania from Maryland.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 8pt;">In addition, <b>Maine</b>, which had been under the control of Massachusetts, was admitted as a free state. So balance again: 12 to 12.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1828-1833: The Nullification Crisis<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Andrew Jackson, a nationalist, declared: “The power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one state, [is] incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Congress passed the <b>Compromise Tariff</b>, which very slowly lowered the duties–reducing them by 20% over 9 years. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 8pt;">But, Congress also passed a “<b>Force Bill</b>,” giving President Jackson federal power to enforce compliance with the tariff, if South Carolina refused to federal sovereignty in the matter.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1846-1848: Manifest Destiny and the Mexican War<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The <b>Democratic Review</b> stated in 1838: “The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. It its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles: to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Most High—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens—and its congregation the Union of many Republics, comprising hundreds of happy millions, calling and owning no man master, but governed by God’s natural and moral law of equality, the law of brotherhood—of ‘peace and goodwill among men.’” By 1845, writers were being even more blunt. One congressman noted: “This continent was intended by Providence as a vast theater on which to work out the grand experiment of Republican Government, under the auspices of the Anglo-Saxon race.’”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1850: Compromise of 1850; the Fugitive Slave Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Frederick Douglass</span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> said that “the only way to make the Fugitive Slave Law a dead letter is to <b>make dead a dozen or more dead kidnapers. . . .</b> After all, he concluded: most blacks “would hew their way to Liberty, despite the pale and puny opposition of their oppressors”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act; formation of the Republican Party<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Popular Sovereignty: “All questions pertaining to slavery in the Territories, and in the new States to be formed therefrom, are to be left to the people residing therein, though their appropriate representatives.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1856-1865: Bleeding Kansas<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">William Seward</span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">: “Since there is no escaping your challenge, I accept it in behalf of the cause of freedom. 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</style>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-1387163509489976562013-04-25T09:07:00.000-07:002013-04-25T09:07:33.377-07:00Final Civil War Study Guide, 2013
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2013 study guide; Civil War; Birzer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">N.B.
The final is worth 40% of your course grade.
To earn anything above a “C”, you must employ—to a significant
extent—the readings you were assigned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Section I:
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. Consider Lincoln’s relationships with other
politicians, cabinet members, generals, and the America people. What kind of president and person was he?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Explain the evolution of northern war aims,
strategies, and tactics, 1861-1865.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.
Explain both Union and Confederate motivations/justifications for
beginning as well as continuing the war, 1861-1865. Be sure to include the views of the leaders,
the average soldiers, and the general public of each section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. Explain the evolution of Lincoln’s thought/understanding
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5. Explain the role of the Yankee Leviathan and Confederate War Socialism in the waging of the CIvil War (should include "Total War.")</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Section
II: I.D.s/Definitions</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;. Definitions will be worth ten points each. Four total; worth 40% of your final.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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Amendment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Amendment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Amendment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Massachusetts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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System<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Burnside<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Emancipation
Proclamation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Exodusters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Field Order
#120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First Bull
Run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fort Sumter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fredericksburg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">G.B.
McClellan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">George Meade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gettysburg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Henry Clay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Homesteading
Act<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">James
Buchanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">James
Longstreet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jefferson
Davis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">John C.
Calhoun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Joint
Committee on the Conduct of the War<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Joshua
Chamberlain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KKK<br />
Knights of the Golden Circle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Manifest
Destiny<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Meditation
on the Divine Will<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Missouri
Compromise<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">New York
Draft Riots<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Peninsular
Campaign<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Petersburg
Siege<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Popular
sovereignty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Radical
Republicans<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">River Queen
Doctrine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Robert
Anderson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Robert E.
Lee<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Secret Six<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Shiloh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Special
Field Order #15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Springfield
Rifle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stonewall
Jackson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Total War<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Trans-Mississippi
Theater<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">U.S. Grant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vicksburg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Wade-Davis
Bill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Western
Theater<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Wilderness
Campaign<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Wilmot
Proviso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">William H.
L. Wallace<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">William
Seward<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">William T.
Sherman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Western
Theater<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yankee Leviathan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Section III:
Short answers. </span></u></b><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Worth 30% of
your final grade. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-13421605412532724292013-03-06T16:38:00.001-08:002013-03-06T16:38:41.508-08:002013 Midterm Study Guide
<br />
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Midterm 2013 Study Guide; Sectionalism and Civil War </span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><b>Instructor, grader, and would-be arbitrary tyrant: Bradley J. Birzer the Pitt Elder</b></span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">N.B. Please feel free to study in pairs or groups. Of course, you will have to take the exam individually.</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s2"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><b>Section 1: Essay.</b> “<b>Explain the causes of the Civil War.” </b></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">To cover the topic fully, you should include the issues discussed over the past six weeks: slavery, nationalism, republican thought, economics, religion, demographics, the constitution and politics, etc. Please remember that you are making an argument and must support it with appropriate evidence—from lectures as well as from the assigned readings in the course. </span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Worth sixty percent of your midterm grade.</span></div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><b>Section 2: I.D.s.</b> I will give you four terms, and you will need to define four (4) of them. To answer correctly, you must address the how, what, who, where, when, and why of each. </span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Possible I.D.s:</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">“Bleeding Kansas”</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">“Manifest Destiny”</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">“popular sovereignty”</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">1850 Fugitive Slave Law</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">American Party</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Border Ruffians</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Compromise of 1850</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Conscience Whigs</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Constitutional Union Party</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Crackers</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Daniel Webster</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Force Bill</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Free Soil Party</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Henry Clay</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">James Buchanan</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Jayhawkers</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Jefferson Davis</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">John Brown</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Kansas-Nebraska Act</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Knights of the Golden Circle</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Lecompton Swindle</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Lincoln-Douglas Debates</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Missouri Compromise of 1820</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Platte County Self-Defense Association</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Robert Anderson</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Secret Six</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Stephen Douglas</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">William Walker</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">William H. Seward</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1">Wilmot Proviso</span></div>
Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-38415905442164462462013-02-27T09:42:00.001-08:002013-02-27T09:42:04.047-08:00Terms, Potter, Final
<br />
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Key Terms, Potter, Chapter 10 to end</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Free Soil</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Pope Day</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Know Nothing</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Dred Scot</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">LeCompton</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Robert J. Walker</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Lincoln-Douglas Debates</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Freeport Question/Doctrine</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">John Brown</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Secret Six</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Harper’s Ferry</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Helper/THE IMPENDING CRISIS</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">“Congressional Party”</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Baltimore Convention</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Charleston Convention</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">John J. Crittendon</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">John Bell</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Cooper Union Speech (Lincoln)</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Salmon P. Chase</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Knights of the Golden Circle</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Theory of Race</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">De Bow’s Review</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Committee of Thirteen</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Jeremiah S. Black</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Robert Anderson/Sumter</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Star of the West</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Peace Conference</span></div>
Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-38341025174214195452013-01-28T10:00:00.002-08:002013-01-28T10:00:47.817-08:00John Brown Painting: Topeka State House<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cibgyvYAXVc/UQa8uddzODI/AAAAAAAABfY/u-0zucCHk7g/s1600/johnbrownpainting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cibgyvYAXVc/UQa8uddzODI/AAAAAAAABfY/u-0zucCHk7g/s400/johnbrownpainting.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-58187955356128830472013-01-28T09:57:00.004-08:002013-01-28T09:57:29.403-08:00Terms: Potter, Impending Crisis, Chapters 1-9
<br />
<div class="p1">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, nationalism, David Wilmot, Slave Power, Negrophobia, antislavery men, conciliationists, Lewis Cass, popular sovereignty, free soilers, Nicholson Letter, Barnburners, Hunkers, Conscience Whigs, Liberty Party, little magician, holocaust of blood, Legend of 1850, Calhoun March 4 speech, Daniel Webster March 7 speech, William Seward, Higher Law, Clay’s Omnibus, Fugitive Slave Law, Finality, Constitutional Unionist, Georgia Platform, personal liberty laws, Pacific Railroad, little giant, Appeal of the Independent Democrats, Kansas Nebraska Act, Know Nothingism, William Walker, James Gadsden, Greytown, John A. Quitman, Ostend Manifesto, The War in Nicaragua, The Knights of the Golden Circle, Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company, Platte County Self-Defensive Association, Bleeding Kansas, Pukes, Lecompton, Topeka, Charles Robison, Jefferson Buford, Sack of Lawrence, The Crime Against Kansas, Preston Brooks, Charles Sumner, John Brown, Army of the North.</span></div>
Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-33868661666454325282013-01-22T09:27:00.000-08:002013-01-22T09:27:48.825-08:00Locke and Slavery, 1669<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">For my HC students, H105 and H303: the darker side of John Locke--from his (he was co-author) Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas, 1669:<br /><br />107. “Since charity obliges us to wish well to the souls of all men, and religion ought to alter nothing in any man's civil estate or right, it shall be lawful for slaves, as well as others, to enter themselves, and be of what church or profession any of them shall think best, and, therefore, be as fully members as any freeman. But yet no slave shall hereby be exempted from that civil dominion his master hath over him, but be in all things in the same state and condition he was in before.”</span><div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br />110. “Every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves, of what opinion or religion soever.”</span></div>
Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-10699217290351024492013-01-15T09:54:00.000-08:002013-01-15T09:54:03.812-08:00H303/Civil War Syllabus (Spring 2013)
<br />
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><b>Sectionalism and Civil War, Hist303<br />
Spring 2013</b></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><b>Instructor: Brad Birzer/Delp 403</b></span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><b>Office Hours: M/T, 11-2 (generally)</b></span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s2"><b>email: </b></span></div>
<div class="p2">
<span class="s2"><b>course website: </b><a href="http://unionandconfederate.blogspot.com/"><span class="s3"><b>http://unionandconfederate.blogspot.com/</b></span></a></span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p4">
<span class="s1"><i></i></span><br /></div>
<div class="p5">
<span class="s1">Whatever [General Lee’s] feelings, they were entirely concealed from my observation; but my own feelings, which had been quite jubilant on the receipt of his letter, were sad and depressed. I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly, and had suffered so much for a cause, though that cause was, I believe, one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one for which there was the least excuse. I do not question, however, the sincerity of the great mass of those who were opposed to us.</span></div>
<div class="p6">
<span class="s1">--General U.S. Grant, April 1865</span></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p7">
<span class="s1"><b>Readings</b></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">Shaara, Killer Angels</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin (Bantam edition)</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">Potter, Impending Crisis</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">Assorted handouts (probably through the above website</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p7">
<span class="s1"><b>Grades</b></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">Midterm: 30%; March 7</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">Research Paper: 30%; due 5pm, April 30.</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s1">Final: 40%</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p7">
<span class="s1"><b>Research Papers (*Semester Long*)</b></span></div>
<div class="p7">
<span class="s1">On Civil War (1848-1877) topic of your choice. Your paper should be 15-20 pages in length.</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="li7"><span class="s4"></span><span class="s1">The paper should be an original, well-researched, 15-20 (longer is fine) page paper in manuscript form (doubled spaced, one-inch margins, with proper <b>footnotes</b> and a complete bibliography). It must be primary-source driven. Secondary sources should be used, but, not surprisingly, <i>only</i> secondarily. That is, you should employ secondary sources as guides to the bibliographic and primary sources available and as indicators of the historiographical controversies surrounding your topic. The Mossey Library has excellent resources and some of the finest librarians—Linda Moore, for example—I have ever met. Make sure to take advantage of their expertise. </span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s4"></span><span class="s1">Mossey databases and resources you will find especially useful for this research project: the Western Americana collection (Yale’s entire collection on microfilm); <i>Harper’s</i> Online; JSTOR; <i>America: History and Life</i>; the <i>New York Times</i>; the <i>London Times</i>; and Nineteenth-Century Masterfile. The Mossey also owns the complete collection of the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s4"></span><span class="s1">For the form and structure of the final paper, footnotes, and bibliography, you must use either the latest edition of Kate L. Turabian, <i>A Manual for Writers</i> or the <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i>. The one exception to this: don’t use a title page. Recommended: writing programs such as Scrivener and bibliographic programs such as Endnote.</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s4"></span><span class="s1"><b>Further and VITAL N.B. </b>This paper is a <b>one-semester paper and worth almost 1/3 of your grade</b>. That is, I’m assigning it on <b>day one of the course</b>, and I expect you to begin it—at least the thinking about and research stage—<b><i>immediately</i></b>. </span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s4"></span><span class="s1">Topics include any aspect of any American person, event, or idea, 1848-1877. You DO NOT need to clear your topic with me before you choose it. You should begin choosing a topic immediately. I would start with a cursory read through BCF and, especially, through his excellent bibliographic essay.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p3">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p7">
<span class="s1"><b>Misc Rules</b></span></div>
<ol class="ol1">
<li class="li7"><span class="s5"></span><span class="s1">Never enter class after it’s begun. I may look nice, but I will not look so nice if you do this. Call it a quirk.</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s5"></span><span class="s1">Don’t attend class unless you have completed the readings assigned.</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s5"></span><span class="s1">No side conversations in class.</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s5"></span><span class="s1">While you are welcome to use laptops, tablets, or netbooks for note taking, you must NEVER access the internet in any form during the class without express permission from me. Should you text, tweet, email or access the internet in any way during the class period, you will be in violation of the honor code of the college, and I will remove you—permanently—from the class. Additionally, type softly.</span></li>
<li class="li7"><span class="s5"></span><span class="s1">Plagiarism or cheating of any kind will result in an “F” and your permanent dismissal from this class.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="p8">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-60884502858539792512012-12-03T05:31:00.001-08:002012-12-03T05:31:57.489-08:00Final Exam Study Guide<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Final Study Guide</b>;
Birzer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>History of the Early American Republic</b> (aka, “Jacksonian America”, H302)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Final: Worth <b>40%</b> of your semester grade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I will provide the <b>blue books</b> for the exam. For each section, I am <b>assuming your knowledge</b> of the books assigned and the lectures
given. You will be graded on <b>knowledge</b> as well as <b>wisdom</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Section 1. Possible essay questions. The essay is worth 35 percent of your final
examination grade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Explain why and how
democracy, nationalism, and imperialism intertwined during the time period,
1807-1848.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Did Republican Virtue
survive the Second Great Awakening?</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Why
or Why not?</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">If so, how?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Compare Tocqueville’s and
Calhoun’s criticisms of democracy.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">In what ways did the
emerging culture of letters shape, delimit, or influence the Early American
Republic, 1807-1848?</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Section 2. Ids.
You will be given <b>six</b>, and
you will have to answer <b>four</b>. In each of the four, be sure to address the
how, what, who, where, when, and, most important, why (that is, the
significance and context). Each answer
is worth 10 percent of your final examination grade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Anti-masonry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bank Veto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Battle of the Alamo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Book of Mormon<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cherokee Nation v. Georgia<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Daniel Webster<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Democratic Party<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Force Bill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Henry D. Thoreau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Henry Clay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Indian Removal Act<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James K. Polk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James Fenimore Cooper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Tyler<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John C. Calhoun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Joseph Smith<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Martin Van Buren<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Moses and Stephen Austin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nathaniel Hawthorne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">nativism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nicholas Biddle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">nullification<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Orestes Brownson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ralph Waldo Emerson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Santa Anna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>South Carolina Exposition and Protest</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tariff of Abominations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Texas Revolution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thomas Hart Benton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Trail of Tears<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Transcendentalism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Unitarianism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ursaline Monastery Riot
(Massachusetts)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Webster-Hayne Debates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Whig Party<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Leggett<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Winfield Scott<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Zachary Taylor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Section 3. 25 short answer questions. This section is worth, roughly, 25 percent of
your final examination grade.</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-5794003934046045902012-11-19T11:34:00.003-08:002012-11-19T11:34:19.914-08:00Timeline Jacksonian America<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Early Republic Timeline, 1807-1848 </b><br /><br />1807 Jefferson Embargo <br /><br />1809 James Madison becomes president <br /><br />Jefferson Embargo repealed <br /><br />1810 Henry Clay elected Speaker of the House <br /><br />Fletcher v. Peck <br /><br />1811 Battle of Tippecanoe <br /><br />1812 War of 1812 begins <br /><br />1813 Battle of the Thames <br /><br />Beginning of the “Factory System” in Waltham, Mass. <br /><br />1814 Burning of Washington, D.C. <br /><br />Hartford Convention <br /><br />1815 Battle of New Orleans <br /><br />Treaty of Ghent ratified by Senate and President <br /><br />1816 James Monroe elected president <br /><br />1819 Depression begins <br /><br />Adam’s-Onis Treaty signed <br /><br />Dartmouth College v. Woodward <br /><br />McCulloch v. Maryland <br /><br />1820 Missouri Compromise passed <br /><br />Monroe Doctrine declared <br /><br />1821 American Santa Fe Trail forged <br /><br />1823 The Pioneers published <br /><br />1824 John Quincy Adams elected president <br /><br />Accusations of “Corrupt Bargain” <br /><br />Gibbons v. Ogden <br /><br />1825 First portion of the Erie Canal opens; sparks ‘canal fever’ <br /><br />New Harmony founded <br /><br />1826 Last of the Mohicans published <br /><br />First American temperance society created; word “teetotaler” created <br /><br />1828 Creation of the Democratic Party <br /><br />Andrew Jackson elected president <br /><br />Tariff of Abominations passed <br /><br />1830 Webster Hayne Debates <br /><br />Indian Removal Act <br /><br />Mormon Church founded <br /><br />1831 William Lloyd Garrison publishes The Liberator <br /><br />1832 Black Hawk War <br /><br />Jackson vetoes re-chartering of National Bank <br /><br />Samuel Morse invents the telegraph <br /><br />1833 Clay Compromise and Force Bill end the Nullification Crisis <br /><br />John Randolph of Roanoke dies <br /><br />1834 Lyman Beecher’s inflammatory sermons spark mob attacks against R.C.s in Mass. <br /><br />1835 Vol. 1 of Democracy in America published <br /><br />1836 Martin Van Buren elected president <br /><br />Republic of Texas successfully revolts against Mexican oppressors <br /><br />1837 Panic and six year depression begins <br /><br />Emerson delivers “The American Scholar” <br /><br />1838 National Road completed <br /><br />1840 Liberty Party forms <br /><br />Whig William Henry Harrison elected president <br /><br />Vol. 2 of Democracy in America published <br /><br />The Dial begins publication <br /><br />1841 Harrison dies in office; John Tyler becomes president <br /><br />First overland party to Oregon <br /><br />1844 James K. Polk elected president <br /><br />Beginnings of Hillsdale College <br /><br />Joseph Smith killed by lynch mob <br /><br />Anti-Rent War begins in New York <br /><br />1845 Texas annexed by the United States <br /><br />1846 Mexican War begins <br /><br />Donner Party eats itself <br /><br />Buchanan-Packenham Treaty ratified by Senate <br /><br />1847 Scott takes Mexico City <br /><br />1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago <br /><br />Gold discovered in central California <br /><br />Seneca Falls Convention; “Declaration of Sentiments” <br /><br />Massive immigration from German States (R.C. and Lutheran) and Ireland (R.C.)</span>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-12706372170716842012-11-18T18:51:00.001-08:002012-11-18T18:51:22.960-08:00How Americans Viewed the Common Law<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZsDi0YdSh6o/UKmechSBSaI/AAAAAAAABU0/PPoOHs4iYFs/s1600/262px-KingAlfredStatueWantage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZsDi0YdSh6o/UKmechSBSaI/AAAAAAAABU0/PPoOHs4iYFs/s320/262px-KingAlfredStatueWantage.jpg" width="220" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Taken from Trevor Colbourn's <i>The Lamp of Experience</i>, 1965; reprinted by Liberty Fund.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /><br />The American approach to medieval history, to the Goths, or, more popularly, to the Saxon chapter of their history, derived partly from this classical orientation, partly from colonial interest in common law in Saxon times. In a new country, land titles were frequently in question, leading, as David Ramsay observed, to an “infinity of disputes.” By the mid-eighteenth century, the profession of law was “common and fashionable.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_072">15</a> To study law was to study its history. Sir John Vaughan’s Reports reminded colonial lawyers of the connection of law and history insofar as “much of the Saxon law is incorporated into our Common Law.” The virtues of both were duly digested by John Adams: “the liberty, the unalienable and indefeasible rights of man, the honor and dignity of human nature … and the universal happiness of individuals, were never so skillfully and successfully consulted as in that most excellent monument of human art, the Common Law of England.” In these words Adams echoed the awe and reverence of his generation toward an antique golden age of English history. Blackstone urged lawyers to investigate the “fountains” of their profession, “the customs of Britons and Germans, as recorded by Caesar and Tacitus,” wherein lay the common law as developed from the “northern nations.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_073">16</a> <br /><br />Tacitus’s Germania enjoyed a remarkable vogue in the eighteenth century. John Adams read Tacitus frequently. Jefferson would enthusiastically tell any inquiring student to look to Tacitus as “the first writer in the world without a single exception”; his works were “a compound of history and morality of which we have no other example.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_074">17</a> Tacitus was a convenient authority on many subjects—on Rome herself as well as on the Saxon tribes which emigrated from Germany to England. American admirers were not even obliged to strain their command of Latin, for they could enjoy the pleasures of Thomas Gordon’s new English translation, which came complete with moral discourses. Tacitus, Gordon explained, was “an upright Patriot, zealous for public liberty and the welfare of his Country,” a “declared enemy to Tyrants,” a historian “of extraordinary wisdom,” whose work demonstrated that “no free people will ever submit to … [tyranny] unless it steal upon them by treachery.” It was not surprising that Gordon’s new translation was on the first order list of the Library Company of Philadelphia.<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_075">18</a> <br /><br />History in the Germania certainly stirred the blood of readers interested in ancient virtue. Fascinated by the virtues of the splendid Germans, Tacitus wrote at length of their purity, their independence, their democratic inclinations. True, the form of German government was monarchical, but it was an elective kingship, constrained by assemblies of the tribes. Royal authority was neither unbounded nor arbitrary, and the German kings secured obedience by the justice of their rule and the example of their behavior. Their people lived a simple, happy life, “in a state of chastity well secured, corrupted by no seducing shows and public diversions, by no irritations from banqueting.” Their private life would be acceptable to the most rigid puritan. The ancient Germans, Tacitus claimed, were “almost the only Barbarians contented with one wife.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_076">19</a> It became hard to resist the frequently offered conclusion that a corrupted and depraved Roman Empire had little chance of surviving the onslaught of Germanic virtue. <br /><br />Of contemporary writers on Germanic history the most popular in the colonies was a Frenchman, Paul de Rapin-Thoyras, “a Man of Learning and industry; Honesty and Candour.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_077">20</a> His History of England depicted the English as direct descendants of Tacitus’s noble Germans. The fate and influence of these descendants he followed from the time they crossed the Channel to Britain until he concluded his account of English development with the eighteenth century. Rapin not only popularized Tacitus but at the same time also provided a bridge over which Americans could travel from ancient to medieval history. To an impressive roster of American admirers, Rapin in the translation by Tindal was as accessible as Gordon’s Tacitus. Although crusty John Adams questioned Rapin’s impartiality, he respected him; and John Dickinson referred to the History continually, in nearly every one of his publications.<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_078">21</a> <br /><br />Rapin accepted the Germania as a basic source. He argued that the Anglo-Saxons, who were the very Germans celebrated by Tacitus, continued upon arrival in England their virtuous customs of government, banding together “to assist one another, and act in common for the good of All.” They set up a central government with an elected king and witenagemot or parliament, “where the Concerns of the whole nation only were consider’d.” Under Alfred, greatest of the Saxon monarchs, “all Persons accused of any Crime were to be tried by their Peers.” “This Privilege,” he added, “which the English have preserved to this day, is one of the greatest a Nation can enjoy.” His readers were reminded that Alfred was responsible only for securing a custom “established by the Saxons Time out of Mind.” Rapin, it might be added, was not an unreserved admirer of the Saxons. While ready to concede the virtues they brought from Germany, he noted that the Saxons also brought over their “reigning Vice,” an addiction to strong liquor.<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_079">22</a> <br /><br />Rapin’s description was accepted by other historians contributing to the colonists’ portrait of their ancient ancestors. Thomas Lediard, translator of Mascou’s History of the Ancient Germans, justified his publication by proclaiming it The History of Our Great Ancestors. England’s laws, customs, and constitution were formed on the German model, according to Lediard, who issued Mascou’s work in 1737, the same decade Rapin’s appeared. A century earlier Richard Verstegan had written with the same ambition of showing what a renowned and honorable nation the Germans had been, “that thereby it may consequently appear how honourable it is for Englishmen to be from them descended.” Nathaniel Bacon, the Cromwellian lawyer, presented the same portrait of Saxons as a free people governed by laws made by themselves. Readers of Bacon’s Historical Discourse encountered a delightfully balanced and serene Saxon constitution: “a beautiful composure,” he called it, “mutually dependent in every part from the Crown to the clown, the Magistrates being all choice men, and the King the choicest of the chosen; election being the birth of esteem, and that of merit, this bred love and mutual trust.” In both the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, significant political meaning lurked behind Bacon’s pious wish to know again “the happiness of our Fore-fathers the ancient Saxons.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_080">23</a> <br /><br />There seemed general agreement on Saxon virtues in the histories Americans most often consulted. There was little need of filial piety to arrive at strong convictions on the reality of ancestral liberties. Even that cautious diplomat and statesman Sir William Temple praised the Saxon kings as “just, good, and pious Princes” who governed with such sense and moderation that “no popular Insurrection ever happened in any of the Saxon reigns.” David Hume, considered a tory historian because of his affection for the Stuarts, praised Britons and Saxons as lovers of liberty and fighters against despotism. Hume thought the Germans had carried “to the highest pitch the virtues of valor and love of liberty,” and it was inevitable that the Saxons “imported into this island [England] the same principles of independence which they inherited from their ancestors.” Like most writers Hume based his remarks on “the masterly pencil of Tacitus,” but unlike many such admirers he did not believe the Saxons especially democratic in political practices. He denied existence of a popular branch of the Saxon legislature and insisted that the House of Commons could not and should not seek its origins in Saxon times.<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_081">24</a> <br /><br />Hume was an exception to the historical rule, and the colonial perspective was not changed by his doubts and reservations on the reality of Saxon democracy. His fellow Scot Lord Kames, the jurist and friend of Benjamin Franklin, endorsed the thesis of Saxon liberty. Kames in his popular British Antiquities portrayed a Saxon polity appealing to rural Americans: the Saxons, he asserted, were cultivators of corn, farmers whose economy allowed true social democracy; they elected their judges and gave security of tenure; their kings were men whose powers gradually developed, and originally the Saxon king was “no more than but the chief judge.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_082">25</a> Kames contended that the Saxons migrating from Germany took only such customs and laws as suited their new English circumstances<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_083">26</a> —an observation with point for Americans seeking parallels to their eighteenth-century circumstances. <br /><br />Americans also liked the conclusions of Henry Care, whose English Liberties praised Saxon ancestors for the wisdom of their government, their “excellent Provisions for their Liberties,” and precautions against oppression. William Atwood, a seventeenth-century contemporary of Care and later Chief Justice of New York, renewed discussion of the elective nature of the Saxon king, whom he described as nothing more than a splendid general who maintained office and dignity by “hardy actions and tender Usage of his People.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_084">27</a> George St. Amand, author of one of the many historical essays that flourished in the colonial bookmarket, reiterated this idea of an elective Saxon monarchy. Like Atwood, St. Amand used the Mirrour of Justices in contending for Saxon democracy. TheMirrour, considered an essential reference for the colonial lawyer’s bookshelf, professed to set forth the “ancient laws and usages” whereby Saxons governed themselves before the Conquest. First published in the sixteenth century, it claimed to be a commentary of early Saxon derivation.<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_085">28</a> St. Amand inquired: “Why mayn’t we suppose the Book was a Translation of some Manual of the Saxon Laws, put into Norman French, with such additions as Horn [its editor, and a part-time fishmonger] thought proper, to accommodate it to the Usages of the Time he lived in?” Americans accepted the Mirrour as a contribution to Saxon history and agreed that the Mirrour’s pronouncements on Saxon government “ought to be received for Truth.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_086">29</a> <br /><br />Obviously many historians who wrote about Saxon history found in it support for the political lessons they wished to demonstrate. Lord Somers was such a man. A Whig statesman who assisted in the arrangements for the offer to William and Mary in 1689, Somers believed people could change their rulers if they were tyrannical, and he was satisfied that history supported this belief. The many American purchasers of Somers’s Judgment of Whole Kingdoms (its twelfth and thirteenth editions were published in Newport and Philadelphia, respectively) at once knew the purpose of the book: to assure that “their Children’s children may know the Birth-right, Liberty, and Property belonging to an Englishman.” James Tyrrell, like Somers an associate of John Locke and an admirer of Saxon antiquity, felt that as a participant in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 he should contribute to justification of Parliament’s action against James II. After all, Tyrrell asked, had not the Saxon monarchs been obliged to seek the consent of their parliament to all legislation? Algernon Sidney was in the same situation. He was hardly a historian, but he was ready to praise the Saxons as lovers of liberty enjoying a government dominated by their witenagemot. Basing his remarks on that “wise author” Tacitus, he noted that Saxon “kings and princes had no other power than was conferred upon them by these assemblies.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_087">30</a> <br /><br />As seventeenth-century writers found political satisfaction in this Saxon emphasis, so did writers in the eighteenth century. Among the most influential contributors to the Saxon myth,<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_088">31</a> and from the colonial viewpoint among the most timely in publication, was the anonymous author of the Historical Essay on the English Constitution, whose work appeared in London and Dublin in 1771. The author’s identity has lately been a subject of some discussion—evidence points to a mysterious Obadiah Hulme—but American readers were content to accept the book for its content. They eagerly digested this summary of Saxon virtues, a veritable handbook on the historic rights of Englishmen. It rounded out the colonists’ picture of their Saxon ancestors. “Our Saxon forefathers,” according to Hulme, “founded their government upon the common rights of mankind. They made the elective power of the people the first principle of our constitution, and to protect it, they delegated power for no more than one year.” Hulme argued for annual Saxon parliaments, which he felt were the quintessence of the Saxon system along with an elective monarchy.<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_089">32</a> <br /><br />After reading Hulme it was easier to agree with the conclusions of such men as Molesworth and Bolingbroke. According to Molesworth, one of the original Real Whigs, “all Europe was beholden to the Northern nations for introducing or restoring a constitution of government far excelling all others.” According to Bolingbroke, “the Principles of the Saxon Commonwealth were therefore very democratical.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_090">33</a> The Saxon system epitomized freedom, a freedom consisting of “being subject to no Law but such to which the Person who is bound consents.” It was a system “agreeable to the Rules of Reason.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_091">34</a> This view, expressed in England in the 1720s, became a basic Revolutionary doctrine in America in the 1760s. <br /><br />One of the many charms of English history for its colonial readers was its occasional ability to furnish evidence of human happiness. They were attracted to the Saxon past because here they found an ancient political utopia; furthermore, one based on attractive economic arrangements. Tacitus wrote about Saxon land tenure as well as Saxon government; and colonial lawyers, concerned with quitrents, land titles, and rights of inheritance, were exposed to magnificently partisan accounts of the land system of their admirable ancestors. <br /><br />Most of the historians popular in America described an agrarian Saxon society which was distinctly nonfeudal. Primogeniture was not practiced in ancient Germany; inheritance was “unto all their male children,” as Richard Verstegan phrased it in 1628. Migrating Saxons took this custom from Germany to England. The great seventeenth-century scholar and antiquary, Sir Henry Spelman, agreed that Saxon land tenure had been allodial in character, “according to the ancient manner of the Germans,” so that, owning their land outright, owners disposed of it as they desired, free of rents, encumbrances, or entails. He concluded that feudalism entered England with the Normans. After the Conquest of 1066, Duke William “divided all England among his soldiers,” so that “all things resounded with the feudal oppressions, which in the time of the Saxons had never been heard of.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_092">35</a> <br /><br />American readers discovered that even when a writer considered feudalism desirable, he often conceded the nonfeudal nature of Saxon England. Spelman’s account may well have appeared more persuasive because he preferred the stability made possible by regulated feudalism—subsequent to the worst Norman excesses. This approach was somewhat similar to that later offered by David Hume. In Hume’s opinion Norman feudalism introduced into England “the rudiments of Science and cultivation,” and served as a corrective to the “rough and licentious manners” of the allodial practices of the Saxons. Hume praised feudalism for its system of primogeniture, but conceded that Norman feudalism was “destructive of the independence and security of the people.”<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_093">36</a> Sir John Dalrymple, author of a popular eighteenth-century essay on Feudal Property, is another example of a writer who considered feudalism praiseworthy, but denied that the Saxons practiced it. Saxon land tenure, he claimed, was allodial, and descents were free. The Germanic invaders of Britain had found more land than they could use and therefore felt under no constraint to accept feudal restrictions. The Saxon nobility was “allodial, personal, and honorary,” and was presided over by a virtually elective monarch.<a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#lf0009_footnote_nt_094">37</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Footnotes<br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_072">[15.]</a>Ramsay, History of the American Revolution, I, 43.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_073">[16.]</a>Edward Vaughan, ed., The Reports and Arguments of That Learned Judge, Sir John Vaughan … (London, 1706), 358; John Adams, “On Private Revenge,” Boston-Gazette, Sept. 5, 1763; William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 4th ed., 4 vols. (Oxford, 1770), I, 35–36.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_074">[17.]</a>John Adams to Jefferson, Feb. 3, 1812, Cappon, ed., Adams-Jefferson Letters, II, 295; Jefferson to Mrs. Anne Carey Bankhead, Dec. 8, 1808, Jefferson Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_075">[18.]</a>Gordon, trans., Works of Tacitus, I, II; John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, Cato’s Letters … , 4 vols. (London, 1748), I, 192. Note that Jefferson was so fond of Gordon’s translation that he had three sets collated with the Latin original, two going to the Library of Congress in 1815, and the other eventually reposing in the private library of the late Arthur Machen of Baltimore. Wolf, “First Books and Printed Catalogues of the Library Company,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 78 (1954): 12.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_076">[19.]</a>Gordon, trans., Works of Tacitus, II, xxii, 325–33, 362.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_077">[20.]</a>Paul de Rapin-Thoyras, History of England, trans. Nicholas Tindal, 2d ed., 4 vols. in 5 (London, 1732–47); comment by Sir John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae, trans. John Glanvil (London, 1741), xvii.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_078">[21.]</a>Boston-Gazette, Feb. 1, 1773.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_079">[22.]</a>Rapin, History of England, I, 148, 27, 46, 42, 160–61.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_080">[23.]</a>John Jacob Mascou, The History of the Ancient Germans … , trans. Thomas Lediard, 2 vols. (London, 1737–38), I, xiv, 57, 64; II, 228; Richard Verstegan, A Restitution of Decayed Intelligencies in Antiquities … (London, 1628), 42; Nathaniel Bacon, An Historical Discourse of the Uniformity of the Government of England … , 2 vols. (London, 1647–51), II, 301; I, 112. The publishing history of Bacon’s work is curious and reveals the Stuarts’ hostility to such political history: the Historical Discourse was reprinted secretly with a 1651 date in 1672, and again in 1682; the last edition was suppressed, and reissued after the abdication of James II in 1689.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_081">[24.]</a>Jonathan Swift, ed., The Works of Sir William Temple … , 2 vols. (London, 1750), II, 584; Hume, History of England, I, ii, 141–42, 145.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_082">[25.]</a>Henry Home, Lord Kames, Essays upon Several Subjects concerning British Antiquities … , 3d ed. (Edinburgh, 1763), 196.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_083">[26.]</a>Kames, Historical Law-Tracts, 2d ed. (Edinburgh, 1761), no. 1. Transcribed by Jefferson in Gilbert Chinard, ed., The Commonplace Book of Thomas Jefferson, A Repertory of His Ideas on Government (Baltimore, 1926), 99–103.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_084">[27.]</a>Henry Care, English Liberties: or, the Free-Born Subject’s Inheritance … (London, n.d. [1680?]), 95; issued in a fifth edition in Boston in 1721 and a sixth edition in Providence in 1774. William Atwood, The Fundamental Constitution of the English Government… (London, 1690), 37–39, 73.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_085">[28.]</a>See William Searle Holdsworth, A History of English Law, 12 vols. (London, 1903–38), II, 284–90.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_086">[29.]</a>George St. Amand, An Historical Essay on the Legislative Power of England. … (London, 1724), 94, 4–5.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_087">[30.]</a>John, Lord Somers, The Judgment of Whole Kingdoms and Nations … (London, 1710), 8, and title page; issued in Philadelphia in 1773 and Newport, R.I., in 1774. It was brief, to the point, and cheap at sixpence a copy; see also Robbins, Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman, 78–80. James Tyrrell, Bibliotheca Politica … (London, 1689), 222; Algernon Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1805), II, 239. Sidney remarked that the Saxons were “lovers of liberty,” who “understood the ways of defending it.” Ibid., 238.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_088">[31.]</a>For a discussion of the Saxon myth, see Appendix I.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_089">[32.]</a>Obadiah Hulme, An Historical Essay on the English Constitution (London, 1771), 7, 24, 31. Published anonymously and long ascribed to Allan Ramsay. Also issued in Dublin, 1771. For a discussion of the authorship, see Sowerby, ed., Catalogue of Jefferson’s Library, V, 205; and Caroline Robbins, “Letter to the Editor,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 79 (1955): 378.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_090">[33.]</a>Robert Molesworth, An Account of Denmark as It Was in the Year 1692 (London, 1694), chap. 4, as transcribed by Jefferson, Commonplace Book, ed. Chinard, 212; Bolingbroke, Remarks on the History of England (London, 1747), 53.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_091">[34.]</a>George St. Amand, An Historical Essay on the Legislative Power of England (London, 1762), 148.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_092">[35.]</a>Verstegan, Decayed Intelligencies, 57; Gibson, ed., Works of Spelman, Pt. II, 5; see also Spelman, De Terminis Juridicis … (London, 1648), chap. 8, as transcribed by Jefferson, Commonplace Book, ed. Chinard, 186: “The feudal law was introduced into England at and shortly after the Conquest.”<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_093">[36.]</a>Hume, History of England, I, 159–60, 162–63, 201.<br /><br /><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=674&chapter=77319&layout=html#c_lf0009_footnote_nt_094">[37.]</a>Sir John Dalrymple, An Essay towards a General History of Feudal Property … (London, 1757), 18, 320, 336. See also, Jefferson, Commonplace Book, ed. Chinard, 149–50; and Pocock, The Ancient Constitution, 243–44.<br /><br /></span>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-48362679026069786132012-10-23T08:53:00.001-07:002012-10-23T08:53:23.198-07:00Midterm Study SessionDear Students, I've reserved Lane 125, 6-6:45, tomorrow (Wednesday night). This, of course, is voluntary. Yours, BradBrad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-13773639440785990782012-10-16T10:50:00.004-07:002012-10-16T10:51:26.852-07:00Midterm Study Guide, Jacksonian (h302) 2012<br />
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Midterm Study Guide, H302--Jacksonian; </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Birzer</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Part I: Essay</b> (worth 40% of your midterm grade)</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Explain the ways in which the Jefferson and Madison administrations reshaped the constitutional understanding of the United States.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Explain the ways in which the rise of a democratic ethos remade (or attempted to remake) the American republic.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">In what ways was the War of 1812 commensurate (or not) with republican theory?</span></li>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Part II: Terms </b>(four total; worth a total of sixty percent of your midterm grade)</span></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Terms A: Last of the Mohicans (will answer one; worth 15% of your grade; make sure you incorporate any ideas that might have been presented in lectures as well)</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Natty</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Cora</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Uncas</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Magua</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Duncan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">David</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Alice</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Battle of Fort William Henry</span></li>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Terms B: Tecumseh </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">(will answer one; worth 15% of your grade; make sure you incorporate any ideas that might have been presented in lectures as well)</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Tecumseh</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Tenskwatwa</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Prophetstown</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Shawnee culture</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Treaty of Greenville</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Battle of Prophetstown</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">William Henry Harrison</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Battle of the Thames</span></li>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Terms C: from What Hath God Wrought </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">(will answer two; worth 30% of your grade; make sure you incorporate any ideas that might have been presented in lectures as well)</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Samuel Morse</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">republicanism</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Santa Fe Trail</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">National Road</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Creek War</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">John Marshall</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Fur Trade</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;">Algiers War</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;">Madisonian Platform</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;">Second Bank of the U.S.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0px;">Great Migration </span></li>
</ul>
<br />Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-25063406515057516512012-09-25T10:09:00.003-07:002012-09-25T10:09:30.394-07:00War of 1812: The War HawksWar Hawk Felix Grundy, the representative from Tennessee, very much wanted Canada in 1811. To Congress, he said: <br /><br />“It cannot be believed by an man who will reflect, that the savage tribes, uninfluenced by other Powers, would think of making war on the United States. They understand too well their own weakness, and our strength. They have already felt the weight of our arms; they know they hold the very soil on which they live as tenants at sufferance. How, then, sir, are we to account for their late conduct? In one way only; some powerful nation must have intrigued with them, and turned their peaceful disposition towards us into hostilities. Great Britain alone has intercourse with those Northern tribes; I therefore infer, that if British gold has not been employed, their baubles and trinkets, and the promise of support and a place of refuge if necessary, have had their effect. . . . This war, if carried on successfully, will have its advantages. We shall drive the British from our Continent–they will no longer have an opportunity of intriguing with out Indian neighbors, and setting on the ruthless savage to tomahawk our women and children. That nation will lose her Canadian trade, and, by having no resting place in this country, her means of annoying us will be diminished. . . . I am willing to receive the Canadians as adopted brethren: it will have beneficial political effects; it will preserve the equilibrium of the Government. When Louisiana shall be fully peopled, the Northern States will lose their power; they will be at the discretion of others; they can be pressured at pleasure, and then this Union might be endangered–I therefore feel anxious not only to add the Floridas to the South, but the Canadas to the North of this empire.” [quoted in MAJOR PROBLEMS IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC, 156-57] <br /><br /> <br />“Your committee will not enlarge on any of the injuries, however great, which have had a transitory effect. They wish to call the attention of the House to those of a permanent nature only, which intrench so deeply on our most important rights, and wound so extensively and vitally our best interests, as could not fail to deprive the United States of the principal advantages of their Revolution, if submitted to. The control of our commerce by Great Britain, in regulating, at pleasure, and expelling it almost from the ocean; the oppressive manner in which these regulations have been carried into effect, by seizing and confiscating such of our vessels on the high seas, and elsewhere, and holding them in bondage till it suited the convenience of their oppressors to deliver them up; are encroachments of that high and dangerous tendency, which could not fail to produce that pernicious effect; nor would these be the only consequences that would result from it. The British Government might, for a while, be satisfied with the ascendency thus gained over us, but its pretensions would soon increase. The proof which so complete and disgraceful a submission to its authority would afford of our degeneracy, could not fail to inspire confidence, that there was no limit to which its usurpations, and our degradation, might not be carried. Your committee, believing that the free-born sons of America are worthy to enjoy the liberty which their fathers purchased at the price of so much blood and treasure, and seeing in the measures adopted by Great Britain, a course commenced and persisted in, which must lead to a loss of national character and independence, feel no hesitation in advising resistance by force; in which the Americans of the present day will prove to the enemy and to the world, that we have not only inherited that liberty which our fathers gave us, but also the will and power to maintain it. Relying on the patriotism of the nation, and confidently trusting that the Lord of Hosts will go with us to battle in a righteous cause, and crown our efforts with success, your committee recommend an immediate appeal to arms.” [quoted in MAJOR PROBLEMS IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC, 157].Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-5735672349535566892012-09-25T10:05:00.002-07:002012-09-25T10:05:10.347-07:00Term List, D.W. Howe, What Hath God Wrought<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dwtfyaf1RqI/UGHkIoIitQI/AAAAAAAABL4/-CXyP5ObrdI/s1600/dwh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dwtfyaf1RqI/UGHkIoIitQI/AAAAAAAABL4/-CXyP5ObrdI/s400/dwh.jpg" width="263" /></span></a></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Daniel Walker Howe, <i>What Hath God Wrought</i>, term list</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Fall 2012</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pp. 1-202</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Samuel Morse</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Telegraphy</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“communications revolution”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ned Packenham</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thomas Mullins</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Battle of New Orleans, 1815</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Jedediah Morse</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Vaqueros</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Middle Ground”<br />
“little ice age”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Republican ideology</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Husbandry</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“agency”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Fur trade</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Santa Fe Trail</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Jedediah Smith</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sojourner Truth</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Planter paternalism</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Slave patrol</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dolley Madison</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Battle of Baltimore, 1814</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Old Republicans</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hartford Convention</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Treaty of Ghent</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Creek War</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Second Treaty of Greenville</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Algiers War</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Madisonian Platform</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Second Bank of the U.S.</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">14th Congress</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Randolph</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Old Republicans/Tertium Quids</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tariff of 1816</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">National Road</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Compensation Act</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bonus Bill</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James Monroe</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Monroe’s cabinet</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Anglo-American Convention of 1818</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">First Seminole War</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">St. Mark’s</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Transcontinental Treaty of Washington, 1819<br />
Monroe Doctrine</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Erie Canal</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Marshall</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Joseph Story</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">preemption</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Old Southwest</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Second Middle Passage</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Francis Cabot Lowell</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lowell, Mass.</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Great Migration</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Butternuts</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Chapman</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Panic of 1819</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Langdon Cheeves</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Missouri Compromise</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Rufus King</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Denmark Vesey</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Disestablishment</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Temperance [American]</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Beecher Family</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Charles G. Finney</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Burned-over District”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Oberlin College</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Christian perfection”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Circuit rider</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Peter Cartwright</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Baptists</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Second Great Awakening”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Evangelical United Front</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Robert Baird</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Elias Hicks</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Catholic revivalism”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Hughes</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pp. 203-420</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William H. Crawford</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John C. Calhoun</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Quincy Adams</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Henry Clay</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Andrew Jackson</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Letters of Wyoming</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">National Road</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Turnpike</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Erie Canal</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Empire State”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">United States Post Office</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sabbitarians</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Washington Irving</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James Fenimore Cooper</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Timothy Flint</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">DeWitt Clinton</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Bucktails”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Chesapeake and Ohio</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John McLean</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">American Colonization Society</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Liberia</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Freemasonry</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Antimasons</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“American System”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">National Republicans</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tariff of Abominations</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Democrat</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“corrupt bargain”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Millennium (postm; prem)</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Francis Wayland</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">American civil religion</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Miller</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“The Great Disappointment”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Robert Owen</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Associationist</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Shakers</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">George Rapp</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Amana Society</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Martin Stephan</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">CFW Walther</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Elizabeth Seton</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Prophet Matthias</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Humphrey Noyes</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Harriet Martineau</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Frances Wright</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Joseph Smith, Jr.</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Book of Mormon</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Kirtland</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mormon War of 1838</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nauvoo</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mount Benedict</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nat Turner</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Age of Jackson”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“kitchen cabinet”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Henry Eaton/Peggy Eaton</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Indian Removal</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cherokee Nation</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sequoyuah</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ABCFM</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cherokee Nation v. Georgia</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“domestic dependent nation”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Maysville Veto Message</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pocket veto</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sovereignty</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Robert Y. Hayne</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Daniel Webster</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nicholas Biddle</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Second Bank of the U.S.</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wildcat Banking</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Martin Van Buren</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pet Banks</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Great Triumvirate</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Whig</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Second Party System</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tariff of Abominations</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nullification proclamation</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Force Bill</span></span><br />
<div style="min-height: 14px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pp. 410-524</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Ross</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Treaty of New Echota</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Black Hawk’s War</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Keokuk</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">David Walker</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Lloyd Garrison</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">American Anti-Slavery Society</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Amos Kendall</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mobocracy</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Elijah Lovejoy</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Code duello</span></i></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Roger Taney</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Robert Owen</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">American Bible Society</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Alexander Campbell</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Horace Mann</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Edward Everett</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Disestablishment</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Yale Report of 1828</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Book of Nature</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Joseph Henry</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Miasma</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Slyvester Graham</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Morton</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Theodore Dwight Weld</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James H. Thornwell</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Martin Van Buren</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Richard M. Johnson</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Henry Harrison</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Amos Kendall (and again on pg. )</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Deposit-Distribution Act</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Specie Circular of 1836</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pet banks</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Free banking</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Doughface</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Leggett</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gag rule</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Indian Removal</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Mackenzie</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cinque</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Amistad</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pp. 525-</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Five Points”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Eli Whitney</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cyrus McCormick</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John Deere</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“manufactories”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Working Men’s political parties</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Francis Wright</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thomas Skidmore</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Locofocos</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lowell Female Reform Association</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Stephen Van Rensselaer II</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Anti-rent movement</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Treatise on Domestic Economy</span></i></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Maysville Veto</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“legal person”/corporation</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">B&O Railroad</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">America’s economic “take-off”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Henry Harrison</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Log cabin/Hard Cider</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Horace Greeley</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Land Act of 1841</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bankruptcy Act of 1841</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Illinois System”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dorr Rebellion</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dorothea Dix</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pp. 613-</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Ellery Channing</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Laura Bridgman</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ralph Waldo Emerson</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Transcendentalists </span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Margaret Fuller</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Henry David Thoreau</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Brook Farm</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Henry Wadworth Longfellow</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Edgar Allen Poe</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nathaniel Hawthorne</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Herman Melville</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Frederick Douglass</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lewis Tappan</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Theodore Dwight Weld</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Liberty Party</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Erasmo Seguin</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Stephen Austin</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mexican Constitution of 1824</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Filibuster</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Santa Anna</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Texian Revolution</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Travis</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">David Crockett</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James Fannin</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">San Jacinto</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lone Star Republic</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Webster-Ashburton Treaty</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Robert Walker</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James K. Polk</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">James G. Birney</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Samuel F.B. Morse</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Texas Annexation</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ABCFM</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Rendezvous</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hudson’s Bay Company</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Joseph Smith</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mormonism</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nauvoo</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Brigham Young</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Zachary Taylor</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">George Wilkins Kendall</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Winfield Scott</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">St. Patrick’s Battalion</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">John C. Fremont</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thomas Larkin</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Stephen Watts Kearny</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“No Territory”<br />
Walker Tariff</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Polk-Santa Anna Conspiracy</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cotton Whigs</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Conscience Whigs</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Revolutions of 1848</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“All Mexico”</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nicholas Trist</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gold Rush</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Irish Potato Famine</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nativism</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lewis Cass</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Free Soil</span></span><br />
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Declaration of Sentiments</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; min-height: 14px;">
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Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-42320905130812157972012-08-31T10:46:00.000-07:002012-08-31T10:46:03.397-07:00Jacksonian Lecture 1: Introduction to the Early American Republic, 1801-1848<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zvYLOaSmjl8/UED4RXwt-PI/AAAAAAAABIs/sN516-zTEqs/s1600/973-1821-M486-1128-USA-John-Melish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zvYLOaSmjl8/UED4RXwt-PI/AAAAAAAABIs/sN516-zTEqs/s320/973-1821-M486-1128-USA-John-Melish.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Opening Lecture, August 30, 2012.</span><div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">H302</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">by Bradley J. Birzer <br /><br /> These years proved an anxious time for Americans. I can’t imagine a generation with a more difficult task—how to live up to what the founding fathers had given them. <br /><br /> The Revolutionary Generation had spoken, acted, and achieved with a deep-seated confidence. <br /> </span><div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">And, as they surveyed the land to the West, they felt a sense of overwhelming Providence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">John Adams, for example, had said as early as 1765: <br />“I always consider the settlement of American with reverence and wonder, as the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence for the illumination of the ignorant, and the emancipation of the slavish part of mankind all over the earth.”<br /><br /> Of course, we can think of the excellent work by our own brilliant scholar and gentleman, Richard Gamble. Much of this anticipates American exceptionalism—especially given the Puritan idea of a “City Upon a Hill” and rethinking at the time/renaming of the Plymouth Combination as the “Mayflower Compact” to give it a less religious feel.<br /><br />Americans had several questions to ask during the early Republic: <br /> <br /><ul>
<li>How could they possibly live up to the Revolutionary generation–both the intellectuals who declared Independence, wrote the Northwest Ordinance, and the Constitution and the soldiers who gave their lives for the Patriot cause? Why had God granted the Patriot movement so many heroes and gifts? Why wasn’t he granting the same types of men and women now? The burden was immense. Madison had issued the challenge to his own generation and later generations rather bluntly in 1787 in Philadelphia: “It is more than probable we are now digesting a plan which in its operation will decide forever the fate of republican government.”[quoted in Major Problems of the Early Republic, 20]. Probably true, but this leads to all kinds of questions and those answers each have huge implications. </li>
<li>How find virtue necessary to support a republic–especially in a commercializing society? A) Religion seemed one obvious answer–but what about all the Roman Catholics and bizarre sects developing? Second Great Awakening quite different from the First Great Awakening. B) What about warfare? But, that goes against the Republican fear of a standing army? </li>
<li>Is America a Nation? And, if so, in what sense? Something akin to an Old Testament Nation or like a modern Nation State? Or, a federal system–something unique in the world. And, if federal–which sections, which layer, is the most powerful? What about huge differences, such as between the North and the South? Every nationalist, ironically, had his own vision of what a nation should be. </li>
<li>Are we a new or old people? Are we the descendants of the Romans and the Greeks or something new, the country of the future? Or, both? Regardless, America needed a myth–something to hold it together, to bind all Americans into one? </li>
<li>Should the Republic be a passive model or an active advocate of further Republicanism? </li>
<li>Are we a Republic or a democracy? Can democracy produce a natural aristocracy, or is that passe? Or, does it produce military demagogues like Andrew Jackson? Indeed, the transition from a J.Q. Adams to an Andrew Jackson is one of the most important transitions in American History. It signaled the end of the Old Republic. </li>
<li>What to do with the Indians? Empire of Liberty or Manifest Destiny? Republic or Empire? </li>
<li>What is the role of the Man of Letters–or should a free society have such a thing? Could it possibly corrupt us? Isn’t it decadent? </li>
<li>What about unfree peoples–such as those from Africa? </li>
<li>How keep up with immense technological change? (these years saw the widespread use of the steam engine as well as the advent of the Railroad). And, what does it mean? Though, usually celebrated. </li>
</ul>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Such questions kept persons up at night. Anxious, anxious years as American attempted to define itself. And, of course, in many ways America failed and did so horrifically– </span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">the Civil War was a result of the compromises, the bickering, the anxiety of the men of the Early Republic. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Imperialistic expansion, the complete annihilation of Indian Rights and dignity. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Utopian reform movements and their egalitarian monstrosities–would be the non-violent (usually) and often religious brethren of the atheist French Revolutionaries and the forerunners to the twentieth-century ideologues, the harbingers of death </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Extreme nativism </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">But, amazing personalities–from James Madison to James K. Polk, from James Fenimore Cooper to Herman Melville, from Ralph Waldo Emerson to Joseph Smith. <br /> <br />And, we find some of the most important political debates ever in U.S. history. <br /><br />And, the anxiety came because Americans knew how well they had it. Washington Irving, for example, wrote in 1832: </span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I come from gloomier climates to one of brilliant sunshine and inspiring purity. I come from countries lowering with doubt and danger, where the rich man trembles and the poor man frowns–where all repine at the present and dread the future. I come from these to a country where all is life and animation; where I hear on every side the sound of exultation; where every one speaks of the past with triumph, the present with delight, the future with glowing and confident anticipation. </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">But, with anxiety also comes energy. And, the Early Republic was nothing if not filled with intense energy. Everywhere: in government, in reform societies, in business, in westward movement (six new states just between 1816 and 1821). <br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Almost dizzying and overwhelming. “Jacksonian man” was restless man, man on the move. <br /><br /> Such restlessness and energy very evident in birth rates. The World has never seen anything like the American birthrates during this time period (and up to 1870). The average woman on the frontier had about 13 children. <br /><br /> One Congressman stated: </span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I invite you to go to the west, and visit one of our log cabins, and number its inmates. There you will find a strong, stout youth of eighteen, with his Better Half, just commencing the first struggles of independent life. Thirty years from that time, visit them again; and instead of two, you will find in that same family twenty-two. That is what I call the American Multiplication Table.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Almost all population increase during our time period was internal. That is, very, very little immigration. That would begin in full force in 1848–with the influx of Irish Catholics and German Catholics and Lutherans. <br /><br /> Up until then, free America meant Protestant Anglo-Saxon-Celtic America. <br /> <br />And, yet, all were welcome to come. As John Quincy Adams put it–in an official pronouncement from the state department: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The American Republic invites nobody to come. We will keep out nobody. Arrivals will suffer no disadvantages as aliens. But they can expect no advantages either. Native-born and foreign-born face equal opportunities. What happens to them depends entirely on their individual ability and exertions and on good fortune.</span></blockquote>
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Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-6167150833370011572012-07-19T12:36:00.001-07:002012-07-19T12:36:50.189-07:00Albert Gallatin Vs. Manifest Destiny/Imperialism<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Albert Gallatin, "The Mission of the United States," in <i>Peace with Mexico</i> (1847), 25-30.<br /><br />[This is one of the finest essays against imperialism and Manifest Destiny I've encountered] </span><div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />The people of the United States have been placed by Providence in a position never before enjoyed by any other nation. They are possessed of a most extensive territory, with a very fertile soil, a variety of climates and productions, and a capacity of sustaining a population greater in proportion to its extent than any other territory of the same size on the face of the globe.<br /><br />By a concourse of various circumstances, they found themselves, at the epoch of their independence, in the full enjoyment of religious, civil, and political liberty, entirely free from any hereditary monopoly of wealth or power. The people at large were in full and quiet possession of all those natural rights for which the people of other countries have for a long time contended and still do contend. They were, and you still are, the supreme sovereigns, acknowledged as such by all. For the proper exercise of these uncontrolled powers and privileges you are responsible to posterity, to the world at large, and to the Almighty Being who has poured on you such unparalleled blessings.<br /><br />Your mission is to improve the state of the world, to be the “model republic,” to show that men are capable of governing themselves, and that this simple and natural form of government is that also which confers most happiness on all, is productive of the greatest development of the intellectual faculties, above all, that which is attended with the highest standard of private and political virtue and morality.<br /><br />Your forefathers, the founders of the republic, imbued with a deep feeling of their rights and duties, did not deviate from those principles. The sound sense, the wisdom, the probity, the respect for public faith, with which the internal concerns of the nation were managed made our institutions an object of general admiration. Here, for the first time, was the experiment attempted with any prospect of success, and on a large scale, of a representative democratic republic. If it failed, the last hope of the friends of mankind was lost or indefinitely postponed; and the eyes of the world were turned towards you. Whenever real or pretended apprehensions of the imminent danger of trusting the people at large with power were expressed, the answer ever was, “Look at America!”<br /><br />In their external relations the United States, before this unfortunate war, had, whilst sustaining their just rights, ever acted in strict conformity with the dictates of justice, and displayed the utmost moderation. They never had voluntarily injured any other nation. Every acquisition of territory from foreign powers was honestly made, the result of treaties not imposed, but freely assented to by the other party. The preservation of peace was ever a primary object. The recourse to arms was always in self-defence. On its expediency there may have been a difference of opinion; that in the only two instances of conflict with civilized nations which occurred during a period of sixty-three years (1783 to 1846) the just rights of the United States had been invaded by a long-continued series of aggressions is undeniable. In the first instance war was not declared, and there were only partial hostilities between France and England. The Congress of the United States, the only legitimate organ of the nation for that purpose, did, in 1812, declare war against Great Britain. Independent of depredations on our commerce, she had for twenty years carried on an actual war against the United States. I say actual war, since there is now but one opinion on that subject; a renewal of the impressment of men sailing under the protection of our flag would be tantamount to a declaration of war. The partial opposition to the war of 1812 did not rest on a denial of the aggressions of England and of the justice of our cause, but on the fact that, with the exception of impressments, similar infractions of our just rights had been committed by France, and on the most erroneous belief that the Administration was partial to that country and insincere in their apparent efforts to restore peace.<br /><br />At present all these principles would seem to have been abandoned. The most just, a purely defensive war, and no other is justifiable, is necessarily attended with a train of great and unavoidable evils. What shall we say of one, iniquitous in its origin, and provoked by ourselves, of a war of aggression, which is now publicly avowed to be one of intended conquest?<br /><br />If persisted in, its necessary consequences will be a permanent increase of our military establishment and of executive patronage; its general tendency to make man hate man, to awaken his worst passions, to accustom him to the taste of blood. It has already demoralized no inconsiderable portion of the nation.<br /><br />The general peace which has been preserved between the great European powers during the last thirty years may not be ascribed to the purest motives. Be these what they may, this long and unusual repose has been most beneficial to the cause of humanity. Nothing can be more injurious to it, more lamentable, more scandalous, than the war between two adjacent republics of North America.<br /><br />Your mission was to be a model for all other governments and for all other less-favored nations, to adhere to the most elevated principles of political morality, to apply all your faculties to the gradual improvement of your own institutions and social state, and by your example to exert a moral influence most beneficial to mankind at large. Instead of this, an appeal has been made to your worst passions; to cupidity; to the thirst of unjust aggrandizement by brutal force; to the love of military fame and of false glory; and it has even been tried to pervert the noblest feelings of your nature. The attempt is made to make you abandon the lofty position which your fathers occupied, to substitute for it the political morality and heathen patriotism of the heroes and statesmen of antiquity.<br /><br />I have said that it was attempted to pervert even your virtues. Devotedness to country, or patriotism, is a most essential virtue, since the national existence of any society depends upon it. Unfortunately, our most virtuous dispositions are perverted not only by our vices and selfishness, but also by their own excess. Even the most holy of our attributes, the religious feeling, may be perverted from that cause, as was but too lamentably exhibited in the persecutions, even unto death, of those who were deemed heretics. It is not, therefore, astonishing that patriotism carried to excess should also be perverted. In the entire devotedness to their country, the people everywhere and at all times have been too apt to forget the duties imposed upon them by justice towards other nations. It is against this natural propensity that you should be specially on your guard. The blame does not attach to those who, led by their patriotic feelings, though erroneous, flock around the national standard. On the contrary, no men are more worthy of admiration, better entitled to the thanks of their country, than those who, after war has once taken place, actuated only by the purest motives, daily and with the utmost self-devotedness brave death and stake their own lives in the conflict against the actual enemy. I must confess that I do not extend the same charity to those civilians who coolly and deliberately plunge the country into any unjust or unnecessary war.<br /><br />We should have but one conscience; and most happy would it be for mankind were statesmen and politicians only as honest in their management of the internal or external national concerns as they are in private life. The irreproachable private character of the President and of all the members of his Administration is known and respected. There is not one of them who would not spurn with indignation the most remote hint that, on similar pretences to those alleged for dismembering Mexico, he might be capable of an attempt to appropriate to himself his neighbor’s farm.<br /><br />In the total absence of any argument that can justify the war in which we are now involved, resort has been had to a most extraordinary assertion. It is said that the people of the United States have an hereditary superiority of race over the Mexicans, which gives them the right to subjugate and keep in bondage the inferior nation. This, it is also alleged, will be the means of enlightening the degraded Mexicans, of improving their social state, and of ultimately increasing the happiness of the masses.<br /><br />Is it compatible with the principle of democracy, which rejects every hereditary claim of individuals, to admit an hereditary superiority of races? You very properly deny that the son can, independent of his own merit, derive any right or privilege whatever from the merit or any other social superiority of his father. Can you for a moment suppose that a very doubtful descent from men who lived one thousand years ago has transmitted to you a superiority over your fellow-men? But the Anglo-Saxons were inferior to the Goths, from whom the Spaniards claim to be descended; and they were in no respect superior to the Franks and to the Burgundians. It is not to their Anglo-Saxon descent, but to a variety of causes, among which the subsequent mixture of Frenchified Normans, Angevins, and Gascons must not be forgotten, that the English are indebted for their superior institutions. In the progressive improvement of mankind much more has been due to religious and political institutions than to races. Whenever the European nations which from their language are presumed to belong to the Latin or to the Sclavonian race shall have conquered institutions similar to those of England, there will be no trace left of the pretended superiority of one of those races above the other. At this time the claim is but a pretext for covering and justifying unjust usurpation and unbounded ambition.<br /><br />But admitting, with respect to Mexico, the superiority of race, this confers no superiority of rights. Among ourselves the most ignorant, the most inferior, either in physical or mental faculties, is recognized as having equal rights, and he has an equal vote with any one, however superior to him in all those respects. This is founded on the immutable principle that no one man is born with the right of governing another man. He may, indeed, acquire a moral influence over others, and no other is legitimate. The same principle will apply to nations. However superior the Anglo-American race may be to that of Mexico, this gives the Americans no right to infringe upon the rights of the inferior race. The people of the United States may rightfully, and will, if they use the proper means, exercise a most beneficial moral influence over the Mexicans and other less enlightened nations of America. Beyond this they have no right to go.<br /><br />The allegation that the subjugation of Mexico would be the means of enlightening the Mexicans, of improving their social state, and of increasing their happiness, is but the shallow attempt to disguise unbounded cupidity and ambition. Truth never was or can be propagated by fire and sword, or by any other than purely moral means. By these, and by these alone, the Christian religion was propagated, and enabled, in less than three hundred years, to conquer idolatry. During the whole of that period Christianity was tainted by no other blood than that of its martyrs.<br /><br />The duties of the people of the United States towards other nations are obvious. Never losing sight of the divine percept, “Do to others as you would be done by,” they have only to consult their own conscience. For our benevolent Creator has implanted in the hearts of men the moral sense of right and wrong, and that sympathy for other men the evidences of which are of daily occurrence.<br /><br />It seems unnecessary to add anything respecting that false glory which, from habit and the general tenor of our early education, we are taught to admire. The task has already been repeatedly performed, in a far more able and impressive manner than anything I could say on the subject. It is sufficient to say that at this time neither the dignity or honor of the nation demand a further sacrifice of invaluable lives, or even of money. The very reverse is the case. The true honor and dignity of the nation are inseparable from justice. Pride and vanity alone demand the sacrifice. Though so dearly purchased, the astonishing successes of the American arms have at least put it in the power of the United States to grant any terms of peace without incurring the imputation of being actuated by any but the most elevated motives. It would seem that the most proud and vain must be satiated with glory, and that the most reckless and bellicose should be sufficiently glutted with human gore.<br /><br />A more truly glorious termination of the war, a more splendid spectacle, an example more highly useful to mankind at large, cannot well be conceived than that of the victorious forces of the United States voluntarily abandoning all their conquests, without requiring anything else than that which was strictly due to our citizens.</span><br /><div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">[source: </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1950&chapter=121608&layout=html#a_2457453">http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1950&chapter=121608&layout=html#a_2457453</a>]</span></span></div>
</div>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-30789900815056828392012-07-17T20:36:00.002-07:002012-07-17T20:36:19.180-07:00Back When All Were Allowed<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">“The
American Republic invites nobody to come.
We will keep out nobody. Arrivals
will suffer no disadvantages as aliens. But they can expect no advantages either. Native-born and foreign-born face equal
opportunities. What happens to them
depends entirely on their individual ability and exertions and on good
fortune.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">--John Quincy Adams, U.S. Secretary of State</span><!--EndFragment-->Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-21877830919061592822012-06-18T17:53:00.001-07:002012-06-18T17:53:08.700-07:00Books for Jacksonian America (H302)--Fall 2012<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Books assigned for H302 (Jacksonian America), Fall 2012.<br /><br />Howe, What Hath God Wrought<br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/What-Hath-God-Wrought-Transformation/dp/0195392434/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268570&sr=1-1">http://www.amazon.com/What-Hath-God-Wrought-Transformation/dp/0195392434/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268570&sr=1-1</a><br /><br />Edmunds, Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership<br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Tecumseh-Leadership-Library-American-Biography/dp/0321043715/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268636&sr=1-5">http://www.amazon.com/Tecumseh-Leadership-Library-American-Biography/dp/0321043715/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268636&sr=1-5</a><br /><br />Lee Cheek, ed., John C. Calhoun, A Disquisition on Government<br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Disquisition-Government-John-C-Calhoun/dp/1587311852/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268758&sr=1-1">http://www.amazon.com/Disquisition-Government-John-C-Calhoun/dp/1587311852/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268758&sr=1-1</a><br /><br />Cooper, Last of the Mohicans<br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Last-Mohicans-Signet-Classics/dp/0451529820/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268797&sr=1-2">http://www.amazon.com/The-Last-Mohicans-Signet-Classics/dp/0451529820/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268797&sr=1-2</a><br /><br />Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Mayer ed.)<br /><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Democracy-America-DEMOCRACY-IN-AMER/dp/B001SRTKZ0/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268892&sr=1-2">http://www.amazon.com/Democracy-America-DEMOCRACY-IN-AMER/dp/B001SRTKZ0/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335268892&sr=1-2</a></span>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-86215808289707832832011-01-29T10:00:00.000-08:002011-01-29T10:02:56.731-08:00Kansas<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Qn7x69bg3DU/TURWJ51Rs0I/AAAAAAAAAXQ/6WquBgLHg0E/s1600/kansas-flag.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Qn7x69bg3DU/TURWJ51Rs0I/AAAAAAAAAXQ/6WquBgLHg0E/s320/kansas-flag.gif" width="320" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Today, 150 years ago, the federal government officially recognized Kansas as a state. After six years of terrorism and guerilla warfare between the "Pukes" (aka Border Ruffians) and the Jayhawkers, the Jayhawkers won. Topeka triumphed over Lecompton; free labor and free soil triumphed over the evils of slavery.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">God bless, my home state, Kansas. To the stars through difficulties.</span></span>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-65888534928966494332011-01-28T06:13:00.000-08:002011-01-28T06:13:38.231-08:00Daniel Webster on the evils of slavery in the West, 1819<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“The laws of the United States have denounced heavy penalties against the traffic in slaves, because such traffic is deemed unjust and inhuman. We appeal to the spirit of these laws; we appeal to this justice and humanity. We ask whether they ought not to operate, on the present occasion, with all their force? We have a strong feeling of the injustice of any toleration of slavery. Circumstances have entailed it on a portion of our community which cannot be immediately relieved from it without consequences more injurious than the suffering of the evil. But to permit it in a new country, where yet no habits are formed which render it indispensable, what is it, but to encourage that rapacity, fraud, and violence against which we have so long pointed the denunciations of our penal code? What is it, but to tarnish the proud fame of our country? What is it, but to throw suspicion on its good faith, and to render questionable all its professions of regard for the rights of humanity and the liberties of mankind?” [quoted in Remini, DANIEL WEBSTER, 169]</span><o:p></o:p></div><!--EndFragment-->Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-60950294549453668202011-01-21T19:45:00.000-08:002011-01-21T19:45:25.264-08:00Teaching Civil War 2.0From the NYT Disunion:<br />
<br />
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/21/teaching-civil-war-history-2-0/?src=fbcivilwarBrad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-44296553039826883592011-01-19T13:44:00.000-08:002011-01-19T13:44:53.886-08:00New York Times on the Civil WarThe <i>New York Times</i> is running a nice series of articles on the Civil War. This post by historian Susan Schulten (especially with her explanation of the 1860 map of slavery) is rather stunning and revealing. Thank you, Professor Schulten.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/09/visualizing-slavery/">http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/09/visualizing-slavery/</a>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-19071537330937591602011-01-19T13:32:00.000-08:002011-01-19T13:33:24.592-08:002011 Civil War SyllabusTomorrow, I get to start teaching this semester's "Sectionalism and Civil War" (H303) course. I've not had the chance to teach it for a few years (I share the duties with my good friend, David Raney), and I'm very excited. Here's the syllabus (you'll notice some things from the blog explanation). Let the semester begin. . .<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 14pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sectionalism and Civil War<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">-150<sup>th</sup> Anniversary Edition-<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 9pt;">Dr. Bradley J. Birzer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 9pt;">HIST303; Spring 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 9pt;">Email:<u><span style="color: blue;"> bradbirzer@gmail.com</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 9pt;">Class website: <a href="http://www.unionandconfederate.blogspot.com/">www.unionandconfederate.blogspot.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 9pt;">Office: </span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 9pt;">Delp 403<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">“Whatever [General Lee’s] feelings, they were entirely concealed from my observation; but my own feelings, which had been quite jubilant on the receipt of his letter, were sad and depressed. I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly, and had suffered so much for a cause, though that cause was, I believe, one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one for which there was the least excuse. I do not question, however, the sincerity of the great mass of those who were opposed to us.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">--General U.S. Grant, April 1865<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">*****<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Required Readings</span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> (available in bookstore<a href="http://www.blogger.com/Library/Documents/zzz%20Birzer/Old%20Files/File%20transfer/history/lectures/Civil%20War/syllabi/www.amazon.com"></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">James McPherson, <i>Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction</i>, 3d or 4<sup>th</sup> edition, all in one volume. But, frankly, any edition—as long as it has all three volumes—is acceptable.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">Harriett Beecher Stowe, <i>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">Michael Shaara, <i>Killer Angels</i>.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">A number of misc. readings (sent through email or posted on the website).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Class format</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> lecture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Course content</span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">:</span><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> This course examines America’s movement toward secession, the Civil War, and Reconstruction, covering the years from roughly 1848 to 1877 with very brief excursions back to 1776, 1787, 1798, 1820, and 1833. We will especially focus on the reasons for the Civil War (not surprisingly, they are varied and complex, though the issue of slavery and competing nationalist and republican visions explain many, many things), the reasons why soldiers fought, and the aftermath of the war. We will meet heroes and villains (especially two killers with the first name of John), the Yankee Leviathan, the Yankee garden, nationalists, the C.S.A. socialist war state, the harassment committees, ignorance, bad intentions, the poets, the ministers, the priests, good intentions, idiocy, the machine, brilliance, cruelty, Christianity (in all its wondrous manifestations–Protestantism and Catholicism (sorry, no Eastern Orthodox in the war that I know of–though there were a few Greeks fighting, so probably some)), Siamese elephant troops, New Yorkers, Californians, Texans, South Carolinians, the reluctant, the beautiful, the too willing, the political theorists, the philosophers, the journalists, the ideologues and terrorists, the republicans (everywhere–North and South), the egalitarians, the enslavers, Barnburners, Fire-eaters, the weak, the dispossessed, Crackers, the strong, the brave, the liberated, the preyed upon, and the righteous.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Grading</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">To summarize the grading structure:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Level1" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> research paper: 25%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Level1" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">o<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">précis and bibliography 5%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Level1" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> midterm examination: 25%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Level1" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> two book reviews 10%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Level1" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> final examination: 35%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Research Papers</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">: </span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">On the Civil War (1848-1877) topic of your choice. Please refer to the list at the end of this syllabus for ideas. You must turn in a 900-1200 word précis/bibliography by 5pm, February 11 (my office). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Your final paper should be 15- to 20-pages in length, in twelve-point font with one-inch margins, footnoted properly (according to Turabian or Chicago Manual of Style), and accompanied by a full and properly-formatted bibliography.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Book Reviews</span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">. Please submit a one-page, single-spaced review (12 point Times, one-inch margins, no footnotes) and synopsis of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i> (end of class, February 24) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Killer Angels</i> (end of class, April 12).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Misc. rules</span></b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;"> pertaining to class:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">Never enter class after it’s begun.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">Don’t attend class unless you have completed the readings for the day.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">No side conversations, notes, texts, etc. in class.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">No internet/cell connections allowed during class.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">Plagiarism and/or cheating of any kind will result in an “F” and your permanent dismissal from the class.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><br />
</div><h2><b><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps; text-decoration: none;">Important Dates (others to be announced)<o:p></o:p></span></b></h2><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">February 11, 5pm: research paper précis and bib turned in<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">February 24: Have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i> read; Part One of McPherson read<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">March 17: Midterm<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">April 7: Part Two of McPherson read<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">April 12: Have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Killer Angels</i> read<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4;"><span style="font-family: Perpetua; font-size: 10pt;">May 3: Final research paper turned in; Part Three of McPherson read<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1527496992470105431.post-12755140050562107242011-01-19T13:29:00.000-08:002011-01-19T13:29:44.426-08:00Jefferson Davis to Franklin Pierce, January 20, 1861<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“Mississippi, not as a matter of choice but of necessity, has resolved to enter on the trial of secession. Those who have driven her to this alternative threaten to deprive her of the right to require that her government shall rest on the consent of the governed, to substitute foreign force for domestic support, to reduce a state to the condition from which the colony arose. In the attempt to avoid the issue which has been joined by the country, the present administration has complicated and precipitated the question. Even now if the duty ‘to preserve the public property’ was rationally regarded, the probable collision at Charleston would be avoided. Security far better than any which the federal troops can give might be obtained in consideration of the little garrison at Fort Sumter. If the disavowal of any purpose to coerce So. Ca. be sincere, the possession of a work to command the harbor is worse than useless.” [Jefferson Davis to Franklin Pierce, “Some Papers of Franklin Pierce, 1852-1662,” <i>American Historical Review</i> 10 (1909): 366]</span></span><!--EndFragment-->Brad Birzerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01842884665825231415noreply@blogger.com0